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Glossary


Updated May 2022



A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z








Abnormal: (ab-NOR-mul)
Not normal. Describes a state, condition, or behavior that is unusual or different from what is considered normal. In medicine, an abnormal lesion or growth in or on the body may be benign (not cancer), precancerous or premalignant (likely to become cancer), or malignant (cancer). Also called atypical. (Source: NCI)

Actinic Keratosis: (ak-TIH-nik KAYR-uh-TOH-sis)
A thick, scaly patch of skin that may become cancer. It usually forms on areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, scalp, back of the hands, or chest. It is most common in people with fair skin. Also called senile keratosis and solar keratosis. (Source: NCI)

Adenocarcinoma: (A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh)
Cancer that forms in the glandular tissue that lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucus, digestive juices, or other fluids. Most cancers of the breast, pancreas, lung, prostate, colon, esophagus, and stomach are adenocarcinomas. (Source: NCI)

Adult Safety Net (ASN) Program:
The Adult Safety Net (ASN) Program supplies publicly-purchased vaccine at no cost to enrolled providers. The program was created by the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) Immunization Unit to increase access to vaccination services in Texas for uninsured adults, thereby raising the immunization coverage levels and improving the health of Texans. Like infants and children, adults are also at risk for contracting vaccine-preventable diseases. In addition to becoming severely ill, infected adults risk spreading these diseases to infants who are too young to be vaccinated. The solution is to vaccinate our adult population to prevent infection with one of these potentially devastating diseases. For more information visit https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/immunize/ASN/.

Adjuvant Therapy: (A-joo-vunt THAYR-uh-pee)
Additional cancer treatment given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer will come back. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, or biological therapy. (Source: NCI)

Advance Directive: (ad-VANS duh-REK-tiv)
A legal document that states a person’s wishes about receiving medical care if that person is no longer able to make medical decisions because of a serious illness or injury. An advance directive may also give a person (such as a spouse, relative, or friend) the authority to make medical decisions for another person when that person can no longer make decisions. There are different types of advance directives, including a living will, durable power of attorney (DPA) for healthcare, and do not resuscitate (DNR) orders. In the United States, the laws for advance directives may be different for each state, and each state may allow only certain types of advance directives. (Source: NCI)

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP):
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) comprises medical and public health experts who develop recommendations on the use of vaccines in the civilian population of the United States. The recommendations stand as public health guidance for safe use of vaccines and related biological products. For more information visit https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/committee/index.html.

Affordable Care Act (ACA): (Source: healthcare.gov)
The ACA is the comprehensive health care reform law enacted in March 2010 (sometimes known as ACA, PPACA, or "Obamacare"). The law has 3 primary goals:
  • Make affordable health insurance available to more people. The law provides consumers with subsidies ("premium tax credits") that lower costs for households with incomes between 100% and 400% of the federal poverty level (FPL). Note: If your income is above 400% FPL, you may still qualify for the premium tax credit in 2021.
  • Expand the Medicaid program to cover all adults with income below 138% of the FPL. (Not all states have expanded their Medicaid programs.)
  • Support innovative medical care delivery methods designed to lower the costs of health care generally.
How the health care law protects you:
  • Requires insurance plans to cover people with pre-existing health conditions, including pregnancy, without charging more
  • Provides free preventive care (including cancer prevention services such as breast cancer genetic test counseling (BRCA), breast cancer mammography screenings, cervical cancer screening, colorectal cancer screening, Hepatitis B vaccines, HPV vaccines, lung cancer screening, and tobacco use screening/cessation interventions)
    • Gives young adults more coverage options
    • Ends lifetime and yearly dollar limits on coverage of essential health benefits
    • Helps you understand the coverage you’re getting
    • Holds insurance companies accountable for rate increases
    • Makes it illegal for health insurance companies to cancel your health insurance just because you get sick
    • Protects your choice of doctors
    • Protects you from employer retaliation
    Additional rights and benefits:
    • Breastfeeding equipment and support
    • Birth control methods and counseling
    • Mental health and substance abuse services
    • The right to appeal a health plan decision
    • The right to choose an individual Marketplace plan rather than the one your employer offers you

    Age-Adjusted Mortality Rate:
    Age is the most important characteristic governing mortality. Before the mortality experience of two or more populations can be compared, the difference in the age distributions of the population must be removed. This is accomplished through the use of an age-adjusted rate. Direct standardization weights the age-specific rates for a given sex, race/ethnicity or geographic area by the age distribution of the standard population.


    The formula to calculate age-adjusted mortality rates is:

    Equation for Age-Adjusted Rates


    For more information, visit https://seer.cancer.gov/seerstat/tutorials/aarates/step1.html.

    Age-Specific Mortality Rate:
    The age-specific mortality rate is calculated by dividing the number of deaths for a specific age group by the population for that specific age group. For example, deaths for age group 60 to 64 divided by the population for age 60 to 64.


    American College of Radiology (ACR) Accreditation:
    The ACR has accredited more than 39,000 facilities in 10 imaging modalities. They offer accreditation programs in Mammography, CT, MRI, Breast MRI, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Ultrasound, Breast Ultrasound and Stereotactic Breast Biopsy. The Mammography Accreditation Program provides facilities with peer review and constructive feedback on staff qualifications, equipment, quality control, quality assurance, image quality and radiation dose. The Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) requires all U.S. mammography facilities to be accredited. (Source: https://www.acraccreditation.org/modalities/mammography).

    American College of Surgeons (ACoS) Approved Programs:
    The American College of Surgeons (ACoS) Commission on Cancer (CoC) is a consortium of professional organizations dedicated to improving survival and quality of life for cancer patients through standard setting, which promotes cancer prevention, research, education, and monitoring of comprehensive quality care.
    The multidisciplinary CoC
    • Establishes standards to ensure quality, multidisciplinary, and comprehensive cancer care delivery in health care settings
    • Conducts surveys in health care settings to assess compliance with those standards
    • Collects standardized data from CoC-accredited health care settings to measure cancer care quality
    • Uses data to monitor treatment patterns and outcomes and enhance cancer control and clinical surveillance activities
    • Develops effective educational interventions to improve cancer prevention, early detection, cancer care delivery, and outcomes in health care settings.

    (Source: https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/cancer/coc)

    Anal Cancer: (AY-nul KAN-ser)
    Cancer that forms in tissues of the anus. The anus is the opening of the rectum (last part of the large intestine) to the outside of the body. (Source: NCI)

    Androgen Receptor Positive: (AN-droh-jen reh-SEP-ter PAH-zih-tiv)
    Describes cells that have a protein that binds to androgens (male hormones). Cancer cells that are androgen receptor positive may need androgens to grow. These cells may stop growing or die when they are treated with substances that block the binding and actions of androgen hormones. Also called AR positive. (Source: NCI)

    Angiography: (an-jee-AH-gruh-fee)
    A procedure to x-ray blood vessels. The blood vessels can be seen because of an injection of a dye that shows up in the x-ray.

    Atypical Mole: (ay-TIH-pih-kul mole)
    A type of mole that looks different from a common mole. Several different types of moles are called atypical. Atypical moles are often larger than common moles and have regular or ragged or blurred borders that are not easy to see. Colors of atypical moles may be the same as the rest of the skin, or lighter, darker, or uneven. Parts or all of the mole may be raised above the skin surface. It is rare, but some atypical moles can develop into melanoma (a type of skin cancer). An atypical mole is sometimes called a Spitz nevus, a congenital nevus, a birthmark, or a dysplastic nevus. (Source: NCI)

    Axillary Lymph Node: (AK-sih-LAYR-ee limf node)
    A lymph node in the armpit region that drains lymph from the breast and nearby areas. (Source: NCI)

    Axillary Lymph Node Dissection: (AK-sih-LAYR-ee limf node dy-SEK-shun)
    Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region. Also called axillary dissection. (Source: NCI)


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    Basal Cell Carcinoma: (BAY-sul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)
    Cancer that begins in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). It may appear as a small white or flesh-colored bump that grows slowly and may bleed. Basal cell carcinomas are usually found on areas of the body exposed to the sun. Basal cell carcinomas rarely metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. They are the most common form of skin cancer. Also called basal cell cancer. (Source: NCI)

    Benign: (beh-NINE)
    Not cancer. Benign tumors may grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body. Also called nonmalignant.

    Benign Breast Disease: (beh-NINE brest dih-ZEEZ)
    A group of conditions marked by changes in breast tissue that are benign (not cancer). There are different types of benign breast disease, including some types caused by an increase in the number of cells or by the growth of abnormal cells in the breast ducts or lobes. Signs and symptoms of benign breast disease include irregular lumps or cysts, breast swelling or discomfort, skin redness or thickening, and nipple discharge. Most benign breast conditions do not increase the risk of breast cancer. Also called mammary dysplasia. (Source: NCI)

    Best Practice: (best PRAK-tis)
    Treatment that is accepted by medical experts as a proper treatment for a certain type of disease and that is widely used by healthcare professionals. Also called standard medical care, standard of care, and standard therapy. (Source: NCI)

    Biopsy: (BY-op-see)
    The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist. The pathologist may study the tissue under a microscope or perform other tests on the cells or tissue. There are many different types of biopsy procedures. The most common types include: (1) incisional biopsy, in which only a sample of tissue is removed; (2) excisional biopsy, in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed; and (3) needle biopsy, in which a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle. When a wide needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. When a thin needle is used, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy. (Source: NCI)
    • Core Biopsy: (kor BY-op-see)
      The removal of a tissue sample with a wide needle for examination under a microscope. Also called core needle biopsy.
    • Core Needle Biopsy: (kor NEE-dul BY-op-see)
      The removal of a tissue sample with a wide needle for examination under a microscope. Also called core biopsy.
    • CT-Guided Biopsy: (see-tee GY-ded BY-op-see)
      A biopsy procedure that uses a CT scan (a special type of x-ray linked to a computer) to find an abnormal area in the body and help guide the removal of a sample of tissue from that area. A needle is usually used to remove the sample, which is then checked under a microscope for signs of disease. A CT-guided biopsy may be done when the abnormal area is deep inside the body or when the doctor cannot feel a lump or mass.
    • Excisional Biopsy: (ek-SIH-zhuh-nul BY-op-see)
      A surgical procedure in which a cut is made through the skin to remove an entire lump or suspicious area so it can be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. A small amount of healthy tissue around the abnormal area may also be removed.
    • Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy: (FYN NEE-dul AS-pih-RAY-shun BY-op-see)
      The removal of fluid, cells, or tissue with a thin needle for examination under a microscope. Also called FNA biopsy.
    • FNA Biopsy: (eff-en-ay BY-op-see)
      The removal of fluid, cells, or tissue with a thin needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
    • Incisional Biopsy: (in-SIH-zhuh-nul BY-op-see)
      A surgical procedure in which a cut is made through the skin to remove a sample of abnormal tissue or part of a lump or suspicious area. The tissue is then checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
    • Needle Biopsy: (NEE-dul BY-op-see)
      The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. When a wide needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. When a thin needle is used, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
    • Needle-Localized Biopsy: (NEE-dul-LOH-kuh-lized BY-op-see)
      A procedure to mark and remove abnormal tissue when the doctor cannot feel a lump. An imaging device is used to guide a thin wire with a hook on the end through a hollow needle to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. Once the wire is in the right place, the needle is removed and the wire is left in so the doctor will know where the abnormal tissue is. The wire is removed at the time the biopsy is done.
    • Open Biopsy: (OH-pen BY-op-see)
      A procedure in which a cut is made through the skin to remove abnormal tissue so it can be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. The two types of open biopsy are incisional biopsy, in which part of a lump or a sample of tissue is removed, and excisional biopsy, in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed. Also called surgical biopsy.
    • Punch Biopsy: (punch BY-op-see)
      A procedure in which a small round piece of tissue about the size of a pencil eraser is removed using a sharp, hollow, circular instrument. The tissue is then checked under a microscope for signs of disease. A punch biopsy may be used to check for certain types of cancer, including skin, vulvar, and cervical cancer. It may also be used to check for certain skin conditions and changes that may lead to cancer.
    • Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: (SEN-tih-nul limf node BY-op-see)
      Removal and examination of the sentinel node(s) (the first lymph node(s) to which cancer cells are likely to spread from a primary tumor). To identify the sentinel lymph node(s), the surgeon injects a radioactive substance, blue dye, or both near the tumor. The surgeon then uses a probe to find the sentinel lymph node(s) containing the radioactive substance or looks for the lymph node(s) stained with dye. The surgeon then removes the sentinel node(s) to check for the presence of cancer cells.
    • Shave Biopsy: (shayv BY-op-see)
      A procedure in which a skin abnormality and a thin layer of surrounding skin are removed with a small blade for examination under a microscope. Stitches are not needed with this procedure.
    • Stereotactic Biopsy: (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik BY-op-see)
      A biopsy procedure that uses a computer and a 3-dimensional scanning device to find a tumor site and guide the removal of tissue for examination under a microscope.
    • Stereotactic Core Needle Biopsy: (STAYR-ee-oh-TAK-tik kor NEE-dul BY-op-see)
      A procedure that uses x-ray images taken at different angles to find an abnormal area in the body. The images help guide the removal of a tissue sample from that area with a wide, hollow needle. The tissue sample is then checked under a microscope for signs of disease, such as cancer. A stereotactic core needle biopsy may be done when a lump or mass cannot be felt or when the abnormal area cannot be seen clearly on other imaging tests. It may be used to check for certain types of cancer, including cancers of the breast, lung, liver, and brain.
    • Surgical Biopsy: (SER-jih-kul BY-op-see)
      A procedure in which a cut is made through the skin to remove abnormal tissue so it can be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. The two types of surgical biopsy are incisional biopsy, in which part of a lump or a sample of tissue is removed, and excisional biopsy, in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed. Also called open biopsy.
    • Ultrasound-Guided Biopsy: (UL-truh-sownd-GY-ded BY-op-see)
      A biopsy procedure that uses an ultrasound imaging device to find an abnormal area of tissue and guide its removal for examination under a microscope.

    Board Certification:
    The intent of the certification of physicians is to provide assurance to the public that a physician specialist certified by a Medical Specialty Board has successfully completed an approved educational program and evaluation process which includes an examination designed to assess the knowledge, skills, and experience required to provide quality patient care in that specialty.


    Body Mass Index:
    A tool for indicating weight status; allows people to compare their own weight status to the general population. For adults over 20 years old, BMI falls into one of these categories:

    BMI Weight Status
    Below 18.5 = Underweight
    18.5 - 24.9 = Normal
    25.0 - 29.9 = Overweight
    30.0 and Above = Obese


    Formula for calculating body mass index (BMI):

    English Formula

    Equation for Engilsh BMI


    Metric Formula

    Equation for Metric BMI


    For more information, visit https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/growthcharts/training/bmiage/page5_2.html.

    Bone Marrow Transplant: (bone MAYR-oh TRANZ-plant)
    A procedure in which a patient receives healthy stem cells (blood-forming cells) to replace their own stem cells that have been destroyed by treatment with radiation or high doses of chemotherapy. The healthy stem cells may come from the bone marrow of the patient or from a related or unrelated donor. A bone marrow transplant may be autologous (using a patient’s own stem cells that were collected and saved before treatment), allogeneic (using stem cells from a related or unrelated donor), or syngeneic (using stem cells donated by an identical twin). Also called BMT. (Source: NCI)

    Bone Scan: (bone skan)
    A procedure to check for abnormal areas or damage in the bones. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the blood. The radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner (a special camera that takes pictures of the inside of the body). A bone scan may be used to diagnose bone tumors or cancer that has spread to the bone. It may also be used to help diagnose fractures, bone infections, or other bone problems. Also called bone scintigraphy. (Source: NCI)

    Bowel Prep: (BOW-ul prep)
    Cleansing the colon before a colonoscopy is called bowel preparation, or "prep." It involves taking medication that causes frequent, loose bowel movements to empty the colon. The medication is taken by mouth, and typically comes in liquid form. (Source: ASGE. https://www.asge.org/home/for-patients/patient-information/understanding-bowel-preparation)

    BRCA1:
    A gene on chromosome 17 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. A person who inherits certain mutations (changes) in a BRCA1 gene has a higher risk of getting breast, ovarian, prostate, and other types of cancer. (Source: NCI)

    BRCA2:
    A gene on chromosome 13 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. A person who inherits certain mutations (changes) in a BRCA2 gene has a higher risk of getting breast, ovarian, prostate, and other types of cancer. (Source: NCI)

    Breast: (brest)
    Glandular organ located on the chest. The breast is made up of connective tissue, fat, and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk. Also called mammary gland. (Source: NCI)

    Breast and Cervical Cancer Services (BCCS):
    The Breast and Cervical Cancer Services (BCCS) program’s goal is to help women receive quality and accessible cancer screening and health services. Regular screening is the best method to detect breast or cervical cancer in its earliest stages. BCCS services include:
    • Screening services
      • Clinical breast examination
      • Mammogram
      • Pelvic examination and Pap test
    • Diagnostic services
      • Cervical dysplasia management and treatment
      • Help applying for Medicaid for Breast and Cervical Cancer
    You may receive these BCCS benefits if you:
    • Are a woman age 18 or older. Transgender clients may also receive services if they meet program eligibility requirements.
    • Live in Texas.
    • Do not have health insurance or are underinsured.
    • Have a household income that is the same as or less than 200 percent of the amount allowed for your household shown in the Federal Poverty Guidelines.
    (Source: BCCS website at https://www.healthytexaswomen.org/healthcare-programs/breast-cervical-cancer-services)

    Breast Biopsy Clip: (brest BY-op-see klip)
    A tiny, metal object that is placed into the breast during a biopsy to mark the area where the biopsy was done. The clip or marker is left inside the breast so it can be seen on a mammogram or other imaging test performed in the future. The clip does not cause any pain or harm the body. Also called breast biopsy marker. (Source: NCI)

    Breast Cancer: (brest KAN-ser)
    Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which begins in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple). Another type of breast cancer is lobular carcinoma, which begins in the lobules (milk glands) of the breast. Invasive breast cancer is breast cancer that has spread from where it began in the breast ducts or lobules to surrounding normal tissue. Breast cancer occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare. (Source: NCI)

    Breast Carcinoma In Situ: (brest KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)
    A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the tissues of the breast. There are 2 types of breast carcinoma in situ: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and Paget disease of the nipple. DCIS is a condition in which the abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Paget disease of the nipple is a condition in which abnormal cells are found in the skin cells of the nipple and may spread to the areola. Patients with Paget disease of the nipple may also have DCIS or invasive breast cancer in the same breast. Also called stage 0 breast carcinoma in situ. (Source: NCI)

    Breast Cyst: (brest sist)
    A fluid-filled sac that forms in the breast that is sometimes filled with a mix of fluid and solid material. Breast cysts may occur in one or both breasts, and there may be more than one. Most cysts feel like a round or oval lump with a smooth, well-defined border that moves easily under the skin of the breast. But some cysts are too small to be felt. Symptoms may include pain or tenderness in the breast, especially around the time of a menstrual period, or a clear or cloudy fluid discharge from the nipple. Most breast cysts are not cancer and do not increase the risk of breast cancer. They can occur at any age but are most common in premenopausal women and in women taking hormone therapy for menopause. (Source: NCI)

    Breast Density: (brest DEN-sih-tee)
    A term used to describe the amount of dense tissue compared to the amount of fatty tissue in the breast on a mammogram. Dense breast tissue has more fibrous and glandular tissue than fat. There are different levels of breast density, ranging from little or no dense tissue to very dense tissue. The more density, the harder it may be to find tumors or other changes on a mammogram. (Source: NCI)

    Breast Duct: (brest dukt)
    A thin tube in the breast that carries milk from the breast lobules to the nipple. Also called milk duct. (Source: NCI)


    Surgery to rebuild the shape of the breast after a mastectomy. (Source: NCI)

    Breast Self-Exam: (brest self-eg-ZAM)
    A way a person can check their own breasts by feeling for lumps or other changes. Breast self-exams can help a person learn how their breasts normally look and feel and notice when changes occur. Research has shown that doing breast self-exams does not lower the risk of dying from breast cancer and may lead to extra tests and procedures. Also called BSE. (Source: NCI)

    BRFSS:
    The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is the nation’s premier system of health-related telephone surveys that collect state data about U.S. residents regarding their health-related risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, and use of preventive services. Established in 1984 with 15 states, BRFSS now collects data in all 50 states as well as the District of Columbia and three U.S. territories. BRFSS completes more than 400,000 adult interviews each year, making it the largest continuously conducted health survey system in the world. For more information, visit https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/index.html.


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    Cancer: (KAN-ser)
    A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is a cancer that begins in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes too many abnormal blood cells to be made. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy. (Source: NCI)

    Cancer Alliance of Texas (CAT):
    Cancer stakeholders from across the state make up the Cancer Alliance of Texas (CAT), formerly the Texas Comprehensive Cancer Control Coalition. Members work together to lessen the impact of cancer by focusing on primary prevention, early detection, better treatment, enhanced survivorship, elimination of disparities, and research. Members participate in regularly scheduled meetings and conference calls, complete tasks related to priority area workgroup projects, and frequently share updates about how they and their organizations are aligning cancer control activities with the Texas Cancer Plan. (Source: CAT website at https://www.dshs.state.tx.us/tcccp/CancerAllianceofTexas.shtm)
    Cancer Cluster:
    The occurrence of a greater than expected number of cancer cases within a geographic area, a group of people or a specific time period. For more information, visit https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/clusters/about.htm.

    Cancer Health Disparities: (KAN-ser helth di-SPEH-ruh-teez)
    Cancer health disparities are adverse differences between certain groups in cancer measures, such as: incidence (new cases), prevalence (all existing cases), morbidity (cancer-related health complications)
    mortality (deaths), survivorship and quality of life after cancer treatment, burden of cancer or related health conditions, screening rates, and stage at diagnosis. Cancer health disparities are often considered in the context of race and ethnicity; however, other population groups may experience disparities. People who are from low socioeconomic backgrounds often bear a greater burden of disease than the general U.S. population. Other population groups that experience cancer health disparities may be defined by age, disability, gender and sexual identity, education, or other characteristics. Complex and interrelated factors contribute to the observed disparities in cancer incidence and death among racial, ethnic, and underserved groups. The most obvious factors are associated with a lack of health care coverage and low socioeconomic status (SES). (Source: NCI)

    Cancer Prevention: (KAN-ser pree-VEN-shun vak-SEEN)
    Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the risk of getting cancer. This can include maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding exposure to known cancer-causing substances, and taking medicines or vaccines that can prevent cancer from developing. For example, cancer prevention includes behaviors such as avoiding risk factors (e.g., smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, and radiation exposure) and increasing protective factors (e.g., getting regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and having a healthy diet). (Source: NCI)
    • Primary prevention is the reduction or control of the causative factors of potential health problems. This includes reducing or eliminating various risk factors such as quitting smoking to reduce the risk of lung cancer and wearing sunscreen to reduce the chances of developing skin cancer and environmental measures such as reducing exposure to toxic or carcinogenic substances. This category also includes health-service interventions, such as vaccinations. The Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine can prevent several kinds of cancer, and the Hepatitis B vaccine can help prevent liver cancer.
    • Secondary prevention is the early detection and treatment of health problems, such as using mammography to detect breast cancer and Pap tests to detect cervical cancer, along with the resulting diagnosis and initial treatment.
    • Tertiary prevention involves providing appropriate supportive and rehabilitative services to minimize morbidity and maximize the quality of life, such as the rehabilitation and the prevention of secondary complications and malignancies.

    Cancer Prevention & Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT):
    In establishing CPRIT, the Legislature directed CPRIT to grow Texas’ cancer fighting ecosystem and accelerate the potential for breakthroughs in cancer preventions and cancer cures. CPRIT advances its mission by awarding merit-based, peer reviewed grants to Texas-based entities and institutions for cancer-related research, product development and the delivery of cancer prevention programs through three programs:
    Cancer Registrar or Tumor Registrar:
    Cancer registrars are data information specialists who collect and report cancer statistics. Cancer registrars capture a complete history, diagnosis, treatment, and health status for every cancer patient in the U.S. Cancer registrars work closely with physicians, administrators, researchers, and health care planners to provide support for cancer program development, ensure compliance of reporting standards, and serve as a valuable resource for cancer information with the ultimate goal of preventing and controlling cancer. (Source: https://www.ncra-usa.org/About/Become-a-Cancer-Registrar/What-Do-Cancer-Registrars-Do)

    Cancer Registry:
    Cancer registries are data information systems that manage and analyze data on cancer patients and survivors. Cancer registries are maintained to ensure that health officials have accurate and timely information on cancer incidence, treatment, and survivorship. (Source: https://www.ncra-usa.org/About/Become-a-Cancer-Registrar/What-is-a-Cancer-Registry)

    Cancer Staging:
    Cancer staging is the process of determining how much cancer is in the body (tumor size) and if it has spread. There are many staging systems. Some, such as the TNM staging system, are used for many types of cancer. Others are specific to a particular type of cancer. Most staging systems include information about:
    • Where the tumor is located in the body
    • The cell type (such as, adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma)
    • The size of the tumor
    • Whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes
    • Whether the cancer has spread to a different part of the body
    • Tumor grade, which refers to how abnormal the cancer cells look and how likely the tumor is to grow and spread

    (For more information, visit https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging.

    Carcinogenesis: (KAR-sih-noh-JEH-neh-sis)
    The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. (Source: NCI)

    Carcinoma: (KAR-sih-NOH-muh)
    Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. (Source: NCI)

    Carcinoma In-Situ: (KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too)
    A group of abnormal cells that remain in the place where they first formed. They have not spread. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Also called stage 0 disease. (Source: NCI)

    Case-Control Study:
    A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). Researchers study the medical and lifestyle histories of the people in each group to learn what factors may be associated with the disease or condition. For example, one group may have been exposed to a particular substance that the other was not. Also called retrospective study.

    Cervix: (SER-vix)
    The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. (Source: NCI)

    Chemotherapy: (KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
    Treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Chemotherapy may be given by mouth, injection, or infusion, or on the skin, depending on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. It may be given alone or with other treatments, such as surgery, radiation therapy, or biologic therapy. (Source: NCI)

    Childhood Cancer:
    A term used to describe cancers that occur between birth and 14 years of age. Childhood cancers are very rare and may differ from adult cancers in the way they grow and spread, how they are treated, and how they respond to treatment. The most common types of childhood cancer are leukemia, brain and spinal cord tumors, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor (a type of kidney cancer), retinoblastoma, and cancers of the bone and soft tissue. Also called pediatric cancer. (Source: NCI)

    Clinical Breast Exam: (KLIH-nih-kul brest eg-ZAM)
    A physical exam of the breast performed by a health care provider to check for lumps or other changes. Also called CBE. (Source: NCI)

    Colonoscopy: (KOH-luh-NOS-koh-pee)
    Examination of the inside of the colon using a colonoscope, inserted into the rectum. A colonoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. (Source: NCI)
    • Screening Colonoscopy: (SKREE-ning KOH-luh-NOS-koh-pee)
      Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. Since screening may find diseases at an early stage, there may be a better chance of curing the disease.
    • Surveillance Colonoscopy: (ser-VAY-lents KOH-luh-NOS-koh-pee)
      During surveillance, colonoscopies are done on a regular schedule after screening colonoscopy.

    Colon Polyp: (KOH-lun PAH-lip)
    An abnormal growth of tissue in the lining of the bowel. Polyps are a risk factor for colon cancer. (Source: NCI).
    Types of colon polyps:
    • Adenoma: (A-deh-NOH-muh)
      A tumor that is not cancer. It starts in gland-like cells of the epithelial tissue (thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body). Adenomas are polyps that have malignant potential and require early surveillance colonoscopy. (Source: NCI)
      • Adenomas can have several different growth patterns that can be seen under the microscope by the pathologist. There are 2 major growth patterns: tubular and villous.
      • Many adenomas have a mixture of both growth patterns, and are called tubulovillous adenomas.
      • Most adenomas that are small (less than ½ inch) have a tubular growth pattern.
      • Larger adenomas may have a villous growth pattern. Larger adenomas more often have cancers developing in them. Adenomas with a villous growth pattern are also more likely to have cancers develop in them. (Source: ACS)
    • Hyperplastic Polyp: (HY-per-PLAS-tik PAH-lip)
      Hyperplastic polyps are typically benign (they aren’t pre-cancers or cancers) and are not a cause for concern. (Source: NCI)
    • Pedunculated Polyps: (peh-DUN-kyoo-LAY-ted PAH-lips)
      Raised polyps attached to the inner surface of the colon or rectum with a stalk. (Source: NCI)
    • Precancerous Polyps: (pree-KAN-seh-rus PAH-lips)
      Growths that may become cancer that protrude from a mucous membrane. (Source: NCI)
    • Serrated Polyps: (SEH-ray-tuhd PAH-lips)
      Serrated polyps (serrated adenomas) have a saw-tooth appearance under the microscope. There are 2 types, which look a little different under the microscope: sessile serrated adenomas (also called sessile serrated polyps) and traditional serrated adenomas. (Source: ACS)
    • Sessile Polyps: (SEH-sile PAH-lips)
      Polyps that tend to grow as slightly flattened, broad-based polyps are referred to as sessile. (Source: ACS)

    Colorectal Cancer (CRC): (KOH-loh-REK-tul KAN-ser)
    Cancer that develops in the colon (the longest part of the large intestine) and/or the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine before the anus). (Source: NCI)

    Colorectal Cancer Risk Categories: (Source: American Cancer Society. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/acs-recommendations.html)
    • People at average risk for colorectal cancer do *not* have
      • A personal history of colorectal cancer or certain types of polyps
      • A family history of colorectal cancer
      • A personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease)
      • A confirmed or suspected hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer or HNPCC)
      • A personal history of getting radiation to the abdomen (belly) or pelvic area to treat a prior cancer
    • People at increased risk for colorectal cancer
      • People with one or more family members who have had colon or rectal cancer
      • People who have had certain types of polyps removed during a colonoscopy
      • People who have had colon or rectal cancer
      • People who have had radiation to the abdomen (belly) or pelvic area to treat a prior cancer
    • People at high risk for colorectal cancer
      • People with inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis)
      • People known or suspected to have certain genetic syndromes

    Colorectal Cancer Screening Algorithm:
    This algorithm has been developed for MD Anderson using a multidisciplinary approach considering circumstances particular to MD Anderson’s specific patient population, services and structure, and clinical information. This is not intended to replace the independent medical or professional judgment of physicians or other health care providers in the context of individual clinical circumstances to determine a patient's care. https://www.mdanderson.org/content/dam/mdanderson/documents/for-physicians/algorithms/screening/screening-colorectal-web-algorithm.pdf

    Colposcopy: (kol-POS-koh-pee)
    A procedure in which a lighted, magnifying instrument called a colposcope is used to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva. During colposcopy, an instrument called a speculum is inserted into the vagina to widen it so that the cervix can be seen more easily. A vinegar solution may be used to make abnormal tissue easier to see with the colposcope. Tissue samples may be taken using a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette and checked under a microscope for signs of disease. Colposcopy may be used to check for cancers of the cervix, vagina, and vulva, and changes that may lead to cancer. (Source: NCI)

    Comprehensive Cancer Center: (KOM-pree-HEN-siv KAN-ser SEN-ter)
    A cancer research center that gets support from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to do cancer research and provide services directly to cancer patients. Scientists and doctors at these centers do basic laboratory research and clinical trials, and they study the patterns, causes, and control of cancer in groups of people. Also, they take part in multicenter clinical trials, which enroll patients from many parts of the country. Comprehensive Cancer Centers also give cancer information to health care professionals and the public. More information about the NCI Cancer Centers Program can be found on the NCI's Web site at https://cancercenters.cancer.gov/.

    Comprehensive Cancer Control:
    Comprehensive cancer control is a collaborative process through which a community and its partners pool resources to reduce the burden of cancer. (Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

    Comprehensive Cancer Control (CCC) Plans:
    Comprehensive cancer control (CCC) plans identify how an organization or coalition addresses the burden of cancer in its geographic area. The plans are specific to each region and based on data collected about people living there. They take the strategies that have worked, either in that region or in a similar place, and make them into a blueprint for action. (Source: CDC)

    Confidence Interval:
    A confidence interval is a range around a measurement (in this case, rate) that shows its precision. Ninety five percent confidence intervals are usually given for the age-adjusted mortality rates displayed or linked to on the Texas Cancer Information website. A statistical definition of the 95 percent confidence interval is that if the measurement were conducted 100 times, 95 times the true value would be within the calculated confidence interval and five times the true value would be either higher or lower than the range of the confidence interval. Wider confidence intervals in relation to the rate itself indicate instability. For more information on confidence intervals, visit the source listed below. (Source: New York State Cancer Registry, About Age Adjusted Rates, 95% Confidence Intervals and Unstable Rates)

    Congenital: (kun-JEH-nih-tul)
    A condition or trait present at birth. It may be the result of genetic or non-genetic factors. (Source: NCI)

    CT Scan: (SEE TEE skan)
    A procedure that uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create 3-dimensional (3-D) views of tissues and organs. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the tissues and organs show up more clearly. A CT scan may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography scan, computerized axial tomography scan, and computerized tomography. (Source: NCI)
    • Low-dose CT Scan: (loh-dose SEE TEE skan)
      A procedure that uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine that gives off a very low dose of radiation to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create 3-D views of tissues and organs. Low-dose CT scan is recommended as a screening test for adults who have a high risk of developing lung cancer based on their age and smoking history. Also called LDCT and low-dose computed tomography. (Source: NCI)
    • PET-CT Scan: (pet skan)
      A procedure that combines the pictures from a positron emission tomography (PET) scan and a computed tomography (CT) scan. The PET and CT scans are done at the same time with the same machine. The combined scans give more detailed pictures of areas inside the body than either scan gives by itself. A PET-CT scan may be used to help diagnose disease, such as cancer, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. Also called positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan. (Source: NCI)
    • Spiral CT Scan: (SPY-rul … skan)
      A procedure that uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The x-ray machine scans the body in a spiral path. This allows more images to be made in a shorter time than with older CT methods. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly on the x-ray. Spiral CT scan also creates more detailed pictures and may be better at finding small abnormal areas inside the body. It may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. Also called helical computed tomography. (Source: NCI)

    County Indigent Health Care Program:
    The County Indigent Health Care Program helps low-income Texas residents who don’t qualify for other state or federal health care programs have access to health care services. Benefits are limited to participating administrators who provide primary, preventative and some specialty services. These include: vaccines, medical screening services, annual physical examinations, inpatient and outpatient hospital visits, laboratory and radiology, and skilled nursing facility services.
    The program is available to anyone who:
    • Lives in Texas.
    • Has an income level at or below 21 percent of federal poverty guidelines.
    • Has resources less than $2,000.
    • Isn’t eligible for Medicaid.
    You can locate the office of the local administrator that serves your county of residence utilizing the Office of Primary and Specialty Health Service Locator. You may contact the local office to speak with staff who will determine your eligibility according to program guidelines. You may need to show proof of income and other eligibility verifications during the application process. (Source: https://www.hhs.texas.gov/services/health/county-indigent-health-care-program)

    Cutaneous Breast Cancer: (kyoo-TAY-nee-us brest KAN-ser)
    Cancer that has spread from the breast to the skin. (Source: NCI)


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    Data Visualization:
    Data visualization is the graphical representation of information and data. By using visual elements like charts, graphs, and maps, data visualization tools provide an accessible way to see and understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data. (Source: https://www.tableau.com/learn/articles/data-visualization)

    Demography:
    The study of populations, especially with reference to population size, density, fertility, mortality, growth, age distribution, migration, and vital statistics, and the interaction of all these with social and economic conditions.

    Dense Breast: (dents brest)
    A term used to describe breast tissue that has more fibrous and glandular tissue than fatty tissue. Dense breast tissue can only be seen on a mammogram. Having dense breast tissue may make it harder to see breast cancer or other changes in the breast on a mammogram. Women with dense breast tissue have a higher risk of breast cancer than those with mostly fatty or less dense breast tissue. Having dense breast tissue is common, especially in younger women and in women taking hormone therapy for menopause. (Source: NCI)

    Detection: (dee-TEK-shun)
    The discovery of a physical abnormality in a person who might or might not show symptoms of disease. Detection can result from self-examination or special screening and/or diagnostic tests administered by health care professionals.

    Dialysis: (dye-AL-ih-sis)
    The process of filtering the blood when the kidneys are not able to cleanse it. (Source: NCI)

    Digital Rectal Examination (DRE): (DIH-jih-tul REK-tul eg-ZA-mih-NAY-shun)
    An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities. Also called DRE. Study results have shown that DRE does not work as a screening method for colorectal cancer. (Source: NCI)

    Disease Transmission:
    Disease transmission is the means by which contagious, pathogenic microorganisms are spread from one person to another. There are four major pathways by which pathogenic organisms may be spread to an individual: contact transmission, airborne transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. (Source: https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/disease-transmission-0)

    Double-Contrast Barium Enema: (DUH-bul-KON-trast BAYR-ee-um EH-neh-muh)
    A procedure in which x-rays of the colon and rectum are taken after a liquid containing barium is put into the rectum. Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that outlines the colon and rectum on an x-ray and helps show abnormalities. Air is put into the rectum and colon to further enhance the x-ray. (Source: NCI)

    Dysplasia: (dis-PLAY-zhuh)
    A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells within a tissue or organ. Dysplasia is not cancer, but it may sometimes become cancer. Dysplasia can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how abnormal the cells look under a microscope and how much of the tissue or organ is affected. (Source: NCI)

    Dysplastic Nevus: (dis-PLAS-tik NEE-vus)
    A specific type of nevus (mole) that looks different from a common mole. Dysplastic nevi are mostly flat and often larger than common moles and have borders that are irregular. A dysplastic nevus can contain different colors, which can range from pink to dark brown. Parts of the mole may be raised above the skin surface. A dysplastic nevus may develop into melanoma (a type of skin cancer), and the more dysplastic nevi a person has, the higher the risk of melanoma. A dysplastic nevus is sometimes called an atypical mole. (Source: NCI)


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    Early Detection Programs: (ER-lee dee-TEK-shun PROH-gram)
    Programs used with diseases that have characteristics appropriate for screening and a valid screening test; those who test positive are referred for further evaluation by a subsequent diagnostic test or procedure to determine whether they do have the disease.

    Early-Stage Breast Cancer: (ER-lee-stayj brest KAN-ser)
    Breast cancer that has not spread beyond the breast or the axillary lymph nodes. This includes ductal carcinoma in situ and stage I, stage IIA, stage IIB, and stage IIIA breast cancers. (Source: NCI)

    Eligibility Criteria:
    In clinical trials, requirements that must be met for an individual to be included in a study. These requirements help make sure that patients in a trial are similar to each other in terms of specific factors such as age, type and stage of cancer, general health, and previous treatment. When all participants meet the same eligibility criteria, it gives researchers greater confidence that results of the study are caused by the intervention being tested and not by other factors.

    Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR): (en-doh-SKAH-pik myoo-KOH-sul ree-SEK-shun)
    Gastrointestinal endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a procedure to remove precancerous, early-stage cancer or other abnormal tissues, such as polyps or lesions, from the digestive tract. (Source: NCI)

    Endoscopist: (en-DOS-koh-pist)
    A person trained in the use of an endoscope.

    Endoscopy: (en-DOS-koh-pee)
    A procedure that uses an endoscope to examine the inside of the body. An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. (Source: NCI)

    Endpoint:
    In clinical trials, an event or outcome that can be measured objectively to determine whether the intervention being studied is beneficial. The endpoints of a clinical trial are usually included in the study objectives. Some examples of endpoints are survival, improvements in quality of life, relief of symptoms, and disappearance of the tumor.

    Energy Balance: (EH-ner-jee BA-lunts)
    In biology, the state at which the number of calories eaten equals the number of calories used. Energy balance is affected by physical activity, body size, amount of body fat and muscle, and genetics. (Source: NCI)

    Environmental Exposure: (en-VY-run-MEN-tul ek-SPOH-zher)
    Having contact with chemical, biological, or physical substances found in air, water, food, or soil that may have a harmful effect on a person’s health. Examples of environmental exposures include UV radiation from the sun and cigarette smoke, radon, or other forms of air pollution. A person may also be exposed to harmful substances by swallowing food or water that is contaminated with bacteria or pesticides or by absorbing harmful chemicals through the skin. The amount of harm caused by an environmental exposure depends on the amount of the exposure, the way a person is exposed, and how long a person is exposed. Some types of environmental exposures may increase the risk of certain diseases, such as lung disease, heart disease, and cancer, and may also lead to birth defects. (Source: NCI)

    Environmental Tobacco Smoke: (en-VY-run-MEN-tul tuh-BA-koh smowk)
    Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers. Inhaling environmental tobacco smoke is called involuntary or passive smoking. Also called ETS and secondhand smoke. (Source: NCI)

    Epidemiology:
    The study of the distribution and causes of disease occurrence in a population.

    Estrogen Receptor: (ES-truh-jin reh-SEP-ter)
    A protein found inside the cells of the female reproductive tissue, some other types of tissue, and some cancer cells. The hormone estrogen will bind to the receptors inside the cells and may cause the cells to grow. Also called ER. (Source: NCI)

    Estrogen Receptor Negative: (ES-truh-jin reh-SEP-ter NEH-guh-tiv)
    Describes cells that do not have a protein that binds to the hormone estrogen. Cancer cells that are estrogen receptor negative do not need estrogen to grow. This means that they will keep growing when estrogen is not present and do not stop growing when treated with substances that block estrogen from binding. Also called ER negative. (Source: NCI)

    Estrogen Receptor Positive: (ES-truh-jin reh-SEP-ter PAH-zih-tiv)
    Describes cells that have a protein that binds to the hormone estrogen. Cancer cells that are ER positive may need estrogen to grow. These cells may stop growing or die when treated with substances that block the binding and actions of estrogen. Also called ER positive. (Source: NCI)

    Extremely Dense Breast Tissue: (ek-STREEM-lee dents brest TIH-shoo)
    A term used to describe breast tissue that is made up of almost all dense fibrous tissue and glandular tissue. On a mammogram, the dense areas of the breast make it harder to find tumors or other changes. Women who have extremely dense breast tissue have a higher risk of breast cancer than those who have little or no dense breast tissue. Extremely dense breast tissue is one of four categories used to describe a level of breast density seen on a mammogram. About 10% of women have this type of breast tissue. (Source: NCI)


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    False-Negative Test Result: (faals NEH-guh-tiv test reh-ZULT)
    A test result that indicates that a person does not have a specific disease or condition when the person actually does have the disease or condition. (Source: NCI)

    Familial Cancer: (fuh-MIH-lee-ul KAN-ser)
    Cancer that occurs in families more often than would be expected by chance. These cancers often occur at an early age, and may indicate the presence of a gene mutation that increases the risk of cancer. They may also be a sign of shared environmental or lifestyle factors. (Source: NCI)

    Fatty Breast Tissue: (FA-tee brest TIH-shoo)
    A term used to describe breast tissue that is made up of almost all fatty tissue. Fatty breast tissue does not look dense on a mammogram, which may make it easier to find tumors or other changes in the breast. Fatty breast tissue is more common in older women than in younger women. Fatty breast tissue is one of four categories used to describe a level of breast density seen on a mammogram. (Source: NCI)

    Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC):
    Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) are community-based health care providers that receive funds from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Health Center Program to provide primary care services in underserved areas. They must meet a stringent set of requirements, including providing care on a sliding fee scale based on ability to pay and operating under a governing board that includes patients. Federally Qualified Health Centers may be Community Health Centers, Migrant Health Centers, Health Care for the Homeless, and Health Centers for Residents of Public Housing. (Source: HRSA website at https://www.hrsa.gov/)

    Fibrocystic Breasts: (FY-broh-SIS-tik brests)
    A common condition marked by benign (not cancer) changes in breast tissue. These changes may include irregular lumps or cysts, breast swelling or discomfort, sensitive nipples, and itching. These symptoms may change throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause. Fibrocystic breasts can occur at any age but are most common in younger women. This condition does not increase the risk of breast cancer. Also called fibrocystic breast changes. (Source: NCI)

    FIT: (fit)
    A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or on a special card and sent to a doctor or laboratory for testing. An antibody that binds to a blood protein called hemoglobin is used to detect any blood. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Also called fecal immunochemical test, iFOBT, immunoassay fecal occult blood test, immunochemical fecal occult blood test, and immunologic fecal occult blood test. (Source: NCI)

    FIT-DNA Test: (fit DEE-en-ay test)
    The FIT-DNA test (also referred to as the stool DNA test) combines the FIT with a test that detects altered DNA in the stool. For this test, you collect an entire bowel movement and send it to a lab, where it is checked for altered DNA and for the presence of blood. It is done once every three years. (Source: CDC)

    Five-Year Survival:
    A term commonly used as the statistical basis for successful treatment. A patient with cancer is generally considered cured after five or more years without recurrence of the disease.

    FOBT: (EFF-o-bee-tee)
    Examination of stool for traces of blood not visible to the naked eye. Also called fecal-occult blood test. (Source: NCI)

    Follow-Up: (FAH-loh-up)
    Monitoring a person's health over time after treatment. This includes keeping track of the health of people who participate in a clinical study or clinical trial for a period of time, both during the study and after the study ends. (Source: NCI)

    Follow-up Care: (FAH-loh-up kayr)
    Care given to a patient over time after finishing treatment for a disease. Follow-up care involves regular medical checkups, which may include a physical exam, blood tests, and imaging tests. Follow-up care checks for health problems that may occur months or years after treatment ends, including the development of other types of cancer. Follow-up care is given after positive screening test results, such as a positive Pap test result. In cancer patients, one purpose of follow-up care is checking to see if the cancer has come back or has spread to other parts of the body.

    Follow-Up Care Plan: (FAH-loh-up kayr plan)
    A detailed plan given to a patient after treatment ends, that contains a summary of the patient’s treatment, along with recommendations for follow-up care. In cancer, the plan is based on the type of cancer and the treatment the patient received. A follow-up care plan may include schedules for physical exams and medical tests to see if the cancer has come back or spread to other parts of the body. Getting follow-up care also helps check for health problems that may occur months or years after treatment ends, including other types of cancer. A follow-up care plan may also include information to help meet the emotional, social, legal, and financial needs of the patient. It may include referrals to specialists and recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, such as changes in diet and exercise and quitting smoking. Also called survivorship care plan. (Source: NCI)


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    Gastroenterologist: (GAS-troh-EN-teh-RAH-loh-jist)
    A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. (Source: NCI)

    Genetic Testing: (jeh-NEH-tik TES-ting)
    Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder.

    Gynecologic Oncologist:
    A doctor who specializes in treating cancers of the female reproductive organs.


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    HDR:
    An amount of radiation that is greater than that given in typical radiation therapy. HDR is precisely directed at the tumor to avoid damaging healthy tissue, and may kill more cancer cells in fewer treatments. Also called high-dose radiation. (Source: NCI)

    Health Care Professionals:
    Practitioners of disease prevention, detection, treatment and rehabilitation. These include physicians, nurses, dentists, dietitians, health educators, social workers and therapists, among others.

    Health Policy:
    Health policy defines health goals at the international, national or local level and specifies the decisions, plans and actions to be undertaken to achieve these goals. (Source: World Health Organization (WHO))

    Healthy Texas Women:
    Healthy Texas Women provides a variety of women’s health and family planning services at no cost to eligible women in Texas, including:
    • Pregnancy testing
    • Pelvic examinations
    • Sexually transmitted infection services
    • Breast and cervical cancer screenings
    • Clinical breast examination
    • Mammograms
    • Screening and treatment for cholesterol, diabetes and high blood pressure
    • HIV screening
    • Long-acting reversible contraceptives
    • Oral contraceptive pills
    • Permanent sterilization
    • Other contraceptive methods such as condoms, diaphragm, vaginal spermicide, and injections
    • Screening and treatment for postpartum depression
    For more information, visit the website at https://www.healthytexaswomen.org/healthcare-programs/healthy-texas-women.

    Healthy Texas Women Plus (HTW Plus):
    The HTW program now offers enrolled women an enhanced postpartum services package called HTW Plus. To qualify for HTW Plus benefits, HTW clients must have been pregnant within the last 12 months.
    HTW Plus services focus on treating major health conditions that contribute to maternal morbidity and mortality in Texas, including:
    • Postpartum depression and other mental health conditions (services include individual, family and group psychotherapy services and peer specialist services).
    • Cardiovascular and coronary conditions (services include imaging studies; blood pressure monitoring; and anticoagulant, antiplatelet and antihypertensive medications).
    • Substance use disorders, including drug, alcohol and tobacco misuse (services include screenings, brief interventions, treatment referrals, outpatient substance use counseling, smoking cessation services, medication-assisted treatment and peer specialist services).
    For more information, visit the website at https://www.healthytexaswomen.org/healthcare-programs/healthy-texas-women.

    Helical Computed Tomography Scanning: (HEH-lih-kul kum-PYOO-ted toh-MAH-gruh-fee)
    A procedure that uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The x-ray machine scans the body in a spiral path. This allows more images to be made in a shorter time than with older CT methods. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly on the x-ray. Helical computed tomography also creates more detailed pictures and may be better at finding small abnormal areas inside the body. It may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. Also called spiral CT scan. (Source: NCI)

    Hematologist: (HEE-muh-TAH-loh-jist)
    A doctor who specializes in treating blood disorders.

    Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): (HEP-ah-to-SEL-yoo-lar KAR-sih-NOH-mah)
    A type of adenocarcinoma and the most common type of liver tumor. (Source: NCI)

    HER2:
    A protein involved in normal cell growth. HER2 may be made in larger than normal amounts by some types of cancer cells, including breast, ovarian, bladder, pancreatic, and stomach cancers. This may cause cancer cells to grow more quickly and spread to other parts of the body. Checking the amount of HER2 on some types of cancer cells may help plan treatment. Also called c-erbB-2, HER2/neu, human EGF receptor 2, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. (Source: NCI)

    HER2 Test:
    A laboratory test that measures the amount of HER2 protein on cancer cells or how many copies of the HER2 gene are in the DNA of cancer cells. The HER2 protein helps control normal cell growth. Larger than normal amounts of the HER2 protein or too many copies of the HER2 gene may be made by some types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, bladder, pancreatic, and stomach cancers. This may cause cancer cells to grow more quickly and spread to other parts of the body. A HER2 test may be done to help plan treatment, which may include drugs that target the HER2 protein. It is a type of tumor marker test. Also called HER2/neu test and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 test. (Source: NCI)

    HER2 Negative: (HER-2 NEH-guh-tiv)
    Describes cells that have a small amount or none of a protein called HER2 on their surface. In normal cells, HER2 helps control cell growth. Cancer cells that are HER2 negative may grow more slowly and are less likely to recur (come back) or spread to other parts of the body than cancer cells that have a large amount of HER2 on their surface. Checking to see if a cancer is HER2 negative may help plan treatment. Cancers that may be HER2 negative include breast, bladder, ovarian, pancreatic, and stomach cancers. Also called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative. (Source: NCI)

    Hereditary: (huh-REH-dih-tayr-ee)
    Transmitted from parent to child by information contained in the genes. Also called inherited.

    Hereditary Breast And Ovarian Cancer Syndrome: (heh-REH-dih-tayr-ee brest … oh-VAYR-ee-un KAN-ser SIN-drome)
    An inherited disorder in which the risk of breast cancer (especially before the age of 50) and ovarian cancer is higher than normal. Most cases of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome are caused by certain mutations (changes) in the BRCA1 or the BRCA2 gene. People with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome may also have an increased risk of other types of cancer, including pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and melanoma. Also called HBOC syndrome. (Source: NCI)

    Heterogeneously Dense Breast Tissue: (HEH-teh-roh-JEE-nee-us-lee dents brest TIH-shoo)
    A term used to describe breast tissue that has large areas of dense fibrous tissue and glandular tissue and also has some fatty tissue. The dense areas of the breast make it harder to find tumors or other changes on a mammogram. Heterogeneously dense breast tissue is one of four categories used to describe a level of breast density seen on a mammogram. About 40% of women have this type of breast tissue. (Source: NCI)

    High-Risk Group:
    When the chance for developing cancer is greater for an individual or a group of people than it is for the general population, that individual or group is thought to be high-risk. People may be considered to be high-risk for many factors or combinations of factors, including a family history of a disease, personal habits, or exposure to products which can cause cancer in the environment or workplace.

    HIPPA:
    The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPPA) is a federal law that required the creation of national standards to protect sensitive patient health information from being disclosed without the patient's consent or knowledge. (Source: Center for Disease Control, https://www.cdc.gov/phlp/publications/topic/hipaa.html )

    Home Health Care:
    Home health care is medical care provided in a patient's home. Home health care can include broad care given by skilled medical professionals, including skilled nursing care, physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy. Home health care can also include skilled, non-medical care, such as medical social services or assistance with daily living from a highly qualified home health aide. (Source: https://ahhqi.org/home-health/what-is)

    Hospice:
    A program that gives special care to people who are near the end of life and have stopped treatment to cure or control their disease. Hospice offers physical, emotional, social, and spiritual support for patients and their families. The main goal of hospice care is to control pain and other symptoms of illness so patients can be as comfortable and alert as possible. It is usually given at home, but may also be given in a hospice center, hospital, or nursing home. (Source: NCI)

    Hormone Receptor Negative: (HOR-mone reh-SEP-ter NEH-guh-tiv)
    Describes cells that do not have a group of proteins that bind to a specific hormone. For example, some breast cancer cells do not have receptors for the hormones estrogen or progesterone. These cells are hormone receptor negative and they do not need estrogen or progesterone to grow. This can affect how the cancer is treated. Knowing if the cancer is hormone receptor negative may help plan treatment. (Source: NCI)

    Human Papillomavirus (HPV): (HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus)
    A type of virus that can cause abnormal tissue growth (for example, warts) and other changes to cells. Infection for a long time with certain types of human papillomavirus can cause cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus may also play a role in some other types of cancer, such as anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. Also called HPV. (Source: NCI)
    • HPV Types/Strains:
      There are about 150 types of HPV. The strains are divided into high-risk and low-risk. There are at least 12 high-risk strains of HPV. Two of those strains – 16 and 18 – cause the majority of HPV-related cancers. These can include cancers of the anus, cervix, penis, vagina and vulva. They can also cause cancers of the throat. Low-risk strains of HPV often disappear from the body on their own. They don't cause cancer, but they can cause warts in the genital or anal areas, and in the mouth and throat. Most of these warts are caused by strains 6 and 11. (Source: MD Anderson Cancer Center https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv/hpv-frequently-asked-questions.html)
    • Human Papillomavirus DNA Test: (HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus …)
      A laboratory test in which cells are scraped from the cervix to look for DNA of human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV can cause abnormal tissue growth (for example, warts) and other changes to cells. Infection for a long time with certain types of HPV can cause cervical cancer. HPV can also play a role in other types of cancer, such as cancers of the anus, vagina, vulva, penis, and oropharynx. Also called HPV DNA test. (Source: NCI)
    • HPV/Pap Cotest:
      A procedure in which a human papillomavirus (HPV) test and a Pap test are done at the same time to check for cervical cancer. The HPV test looks for DNA or RNA from certain high-ris types of HPV in samples of cells taken from the cervix. The Pap test checks for cervical cancer cells and cell changes that may lead to cervical cancer. The same cell sample may be used for both the HPV test and the Pap test. Women aged 30 to 65 years may have an HPV/Pap cotest every 5 years. Cotesting is more likely to find abnormal cells or cervical cancer than a Pap test alone is. Also called Pap/HPV cotest. (Source: NCI)
    • HPV Vaccine: (H-P-V vak-SEEN)
      A vaccine that helps protect the body against infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection can cause abnormal tissue growth, such as warts, and other changes to cells. Infection for a long time with certain types of HPV can cause cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, penis, and oropharynx. Human papillomavirus vaccines are being used to prevent some of these cancers. They are also being used to prevent genital warts and abnormal lesions that may lead to some of these cancers. Also called Human Papillomavirus vaccine. (Source: NCI)
    • Up-To-Date HPV Vaccination Dosing Schedule:
      • Two doses of HPV vaccine are recommended for most persons starting the series before their 15th birthday.
        • The second dose of HPV vaccine should be given 6 to 12 months after the first dose.
        • Adolescents who receive two doses less than 5 months apart will require a third dose of HPV vaccine.
      • Three doses of HPV vaccine are recommended for teens and young adults who start the series at ages 15 through 26 years, and for immunocompromised persons.
        • The recommended three-dose schedule is 0, 1–2 and 6 months.
        • Three doses are recommended for immunocompromised persons (including those with HIV infection) aged 9 through 26 years.
      • For more information visit https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html.


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      Immunotherapy: (IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-pee)
      A type of therapy that uses substances to stimulate or suppress the immune system to help the body fight cancer, infection, and other diseases. Some types of immunotherapy only target certain cells of the immune system. Others affect the immune system in a general way. Types of immunotherapy include cytokines, vaccines, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and some monoclonal antibodies. (Source: NCI)

      Incidence:
      The number of occurrences of a given disease within a population. Cancer incidence is the number of new cases of cancer diagnosed in one year. Data on the incidence of cancer in Texas are maintained by the Texas Cancer Registry at the Texas Department of Health.

      Incidence Rate:
      Calculated by dividing the number of new cases of a particular cancer during a given period of time by the number of people known to be at risk.

      Infection: (in-FEK-shun)
      The invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms. Infections can begin anywhere in the body and may spread all through it. An infection can cause fever and other health problems, depending on where it occurs in the body. When the body’s immune system is strong, it can often fight the germs and cure an infection. Some cancer treatments can weaken the immune system, which may lead to infection. (Source: NCI)

      Inflammatory Breast Cancer: (in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee brest KAN-ser)
      A type of breast cancer in which the breast looks red and swollen and feels warm. The skin of the breast may also show the pitted appearance called peau d'orange (like the skin of an orange). The redness and warmth occur because the cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin. (Source: NCI)

      Infusion: (in-FYOO-zhun)
      A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion.

      Invasive Breast Cancer: (in-VAY-siv brest KAN-ser)
      Cancer that has spread from where it began in the breast to surrounding normal tissue. The most common type of invasive breast cancer is invasive ductal carcinoma, which begins in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple). Another type is invasive lobular carcinoma, which begins in the lobules (milk glands) of the breast. Invasive breast cancer can spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. Also called infiltrating breast cancer. (Source: NCI)


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      Joint Commission (formerly Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)):
      Founded in 1951, The Joint Commission seeks to continuously improve health care for the public, in collaboration with other stakeholders, by evaluating health care organizations and inspiring them to excel in providing safe and effective care of the highest quality and value. The Joint Commission accredits and certifies more than 22,000 health care organizations and programs in the United States, including hospitals and health care organizations that provide ambulatory and office-based surgery, behavioral health, home health care, laboratory and nursing care center services. An independent, not-for-profit organization, The Joint Commission is the nation’s oldest and largest standards-setting and accrediting body in health care. (Source: https://www.jointcommission.org/about-us/facts-about-the-joint-commission/joint-commission-faqs/)


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      Laboratory Test: (LA-bruh-tor-ee TEST)
      A medical procedure that involves testing a sample of blood, urine, or other substance from the body. Laboratory tests can help determine a diagnosis, plan treatment, check to see if treatment is working, or monitor the disease over time. (Source: NCI)

      Late Effect: (layt eh-FEKT)
      A health problem that occurs months or years after a disease is diagnosed or after treatment has ended. Late effects may be caused by cancer or cancer treatment. They may include physical, mental, and social problems and second cancers. (Source: NCI)

      Long-term Side Effect: (long term side eh-FEKT)
      A problem that is caused by a disease or treatment of a disease and may continue for months or years. Long-term side effects of cancer treatment include heart, lung, kidney, or gastrointestinal tract problems; pain, numbness, tingling, loss of feeling, or heat or cold sensitivity in the hands or feet; fatigue; hearing loss; cataracts; and dry eyes or dry mouth. (Source: NCI)

      Lesion: (LEE-zhun)
      An area of abnormal tissue. A lesion may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). (Source: NCI)

      Low-Income:
      Low-income means having an income that is equal to or less than the levels established by the US Office of Management and Budget as the poverty level.

      Lymph Node: (limf node)
      A small bean-shaped structure that is part of the body’s immune system. Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease. There are hundreds of lymph nodes found throughout the body. They are connected to one another by lymph vessels. Clusters of lymph nodes are found in the neck, axilla (underarm), chest, abdomen, and groin. For example, there are about 20-40 lymph nodes in the axilla. Also called lymph gland. (Source: NCI)

      Lymph Node Biopsy: (limf node BY-op-see)
      A procedure in which all or part of a lymph node is removed and checked under a microscope for signs of infection or disease, such as cancer. There are several types of lymph node biopsies, including excisional biopsy (removal of entire lymph node), incisional biopsy (removal of part of a lymph node), core needle biopsy (removal of tissue from a lymph node using a wide needle), and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (removal of tissue from a lymph node using a thin needle). (Source: NCI)

      Lymph Node Dissection: (limf node dy-SEK-shun)
      A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and a sample of tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. For a regional lymph node dissection, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; for a radical lymph node dissection, most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed. Also called lymphadenectomy. (Source: NCI)


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      Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): (mag-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nunts IH-muh-jing)
      A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures can show the difference between normal and diseased tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging makes better images of organs and soft tissue than other scanning techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or x-ray. Magnetic resonance imaging is especially useful for imaging the brain, the spine, the soft tissue of joints, and the inside of bones. Also called MRI, NMRI, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

      Male Breast Cancer: (mayl brest KAN-ser)
      Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast in men. Most male breast cancer begins in cells lining the ducts. It is very rare and usually affects older men. (Source: NCI)

      Malignancy: (muh-LIG-nun-see)
      A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Malignant cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of malignancy. Carcinoma is a malignancy that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a malignancy that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is a malignancy that begins in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes too many abnormal blood cells to be made. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are malignancies that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are malignancies that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called cancer. (Source: NCI)

      Mammogram: (MA-muh-gram)
      An x-ray of the breast. (Source: NCI)
      • Diagnostic Mammogram: (DY-ug-NAH-stik MA-muh-gram)
        An x-ray picture of the breast used to check for breast cancer after a lump or other sign or symptom of the disease has been found. It is also used to follow up on a suspicious change found during a screening mammogram. A diagnostic mammogram usually involves taking more detailed x-ray pictures of the breast from different angles to check the suspicious area more closely.
      • Screening Mammogram: (SKREE-ning MA-muh-gram)
        X-rays of the breasts taken to check for breast cancer in the absence of signs or symptoms.

      Mammography: (ma-MAH-gruh-fee)
      The use of film or a computer to create a picture of the breast. (Source: NCI)
      • 2-D Mammography: (2 D ma-MAH-gruh-fee)
        A procedure that uses x-rays to take pictures of the inside of the breast. The pictures are usually taken from two different angles, and a computer or x-ray film is used to make 2-D pictures of the breast. 2-D mammography is used to check for breast cancer and other changes in the breast, such as abnormal lumps, cysts, or calcifications (calcium deposits). Also called 2-dimensional mammography.
      • 2-Dimensional Mammography: (2-dih-MEN-shuh-nul ma-MAH-gruh-fee)
        A procedure that uses x-rays to take pictures of the inside of the breast. The pictures are usually taken from two different angles, and a computer or x-ray film is used to make 2-D pictures of the breast. 2-dimensional mammography is used to check for breast cancer and other changes in the breast, such as abnormal lumps, cysts, or calcifications (calcium deposits). Also called 2-D mammography.
      • 3-D Mammography: (3 D ma-MAH-gruh-fee)
        A procedure that uses x-rays to take a series of pictures of the inside of the breast from many different angles. A computer is used to make 3-D pictures of the breast from these x-rays. 3-D mammography is used to check for breast cancer and other changes in the breast, such as abnormal lumps, cysts, or calcifications (calcium deposits). It may allow doctors to see breast tissue, including dense breast tissue, more clearly than with 2-D mammography. This may make breast tumors or other changes in the breast easier to find. Also called 3-dimensional mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis.
      • Conventional Mammography: (kun-VEN-shuh-nul ma-MAH-gruh-fee)
        A procedure that uses x-rays to take pictures of the inside of the breast and stores the images on x-ray film. Conventional mammography may be used to check for breast cancer and other changes in the breast, such as abnormal lumps, cysts, or calcifications (calcium deposits). Also called film mammography.
      • Digital Mammography: (DIH-jih-tul ma-MAH-gruh-fee)
        The use of a computer, rather than x-ray film, to create a picture of the breast.
      • Film Mammography: (... ma-MAH-gruh-fee)
        A procedure that uses x-rays to take pictures of the inside of the breast and stores the images on x-ray film. Film mammography may be used to check for breast cancer and other changes in the breast, such as abnormal lumps, cysts, or calcifications (calcium deposits). Also called conventional mammography.
      • Scintimammography: (SIN-tih-ma-MAH-gruh-fee)
        A type of breast imaging test that is used to detect cancer cells in the breasts of some women who have had abnormal mammograms, or who have dense breast tissue. It is not used for screening or in place of a mammogram. In this test, a woman receives an injection of a small amount of a radioactive substance called technetium 99, which is taken up by cancer cells, and a gamma camera is used to take pictures of the breasts. Also called Miraluma test and sestamibi breast imaging.

      Mastectomy: (ma-STEK-toh-mee)
      Surgery to remove part or all of the breast. There are different types of mastectomy that differ in the amount of tissue and lymph nodes removed. (Source: NCI)
      • Bilateral Prophylactic Mastectomy: (by-LA-teh-rul PROH-fih-LAK-tik ma-STEK-toh-mee)
        Surgery to remove both breasts in order to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
      • Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy: (KON-truh-LA-teh-rul PROH-fih-LAK-tik ma-STEK-toh-mee)
        Surgery to remove the healthy breast in a person who is having or has had the other breast with cancer removed. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy may be done to reduce the risk of a second breast cancer in people who are at very high risk. Also called CPM.
      • Modified Radical Mastectomy: (MAH-dih-FIDE RA-dih-kul ma-STEK-toh-mee)
        Surgery to remove the whole breast, which may include the nipple, areola (the dark-colored skin around the nipple), and skin over the breast. Most of the lymph nodes under the arm are also removed.
      • Partial Mastectomy: (PAR-shul ma-STEK-toh-mee)
        Surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from the breast and some normal tissue around it, but not the breast itself. Some lymph nodes under the arm may be removed for biopsy. Part of the chest wall lining may also be removed if the cancer is near it. Also called breast-conserving surgery, breast-sparing surgery, lumpectomy, quadrantectomy, and segmental mastectomy.
      • Preventive Mastectomy: (pree-VEN-tiv ma-STEK-toh-mee)
        Surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer by removing one or both breasts before disease develops. Preventive mastectomy may be done in people who have a very high risk of developing breast cancer. Also called prophylactic mastectomy and risk-reducing mastectomy.
      • Radical Mastectomy: (RA-dih-kul ma-STEK-toh-mee)
        Surgery to remove the whole breast, all of the lymph nodes under the arm, and the chest wall muscles under the breast. For many years, radical mastectomy was the type of breast cancer surgery used most often, but it is rarely used now. It may be used only when breast cancer has spread to the chest wall muscles. Also called Halsted radical mastectomy.
      • Total Mastectomy: (TOH-tul ma-STEK-toh-mee)
        Surgery to remove the whole breast, which may include the nipple, areola (the dark-colored skin around the nipple), and skin over the breast. Some of the lymph nodes under the arm may also be removed to check for cancer. Also called simple mastectomy.

      Medical Oncologist: (MEH-dih-kul on-KAH-loh-jist)
      A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer using chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and biological therapy. A medical oncologist often is the main health care provider for someone who has cancer. A medical oncologist also gives supportive care and may coordinate treatment given by other specialists.

      Medicaid: (MEH-dih-kayd)
      A health insurance program for people who cannot afford regular medical care. The program is run by U.S. federal, state, and local governments. People who receive Medicaid may have to pay a small amount for the services they get. (Source: NCI)

      Medicare: (MEH-dih-kayr)
      A U.S. federal health insurance program for people aged 65 years or older and people with certain disabilities. Medicare pays for hospital stays, medical services, and some prescription drugs but people who receive Medicare must pay part of their healthcare costs. (Source: NCI)

      Medicare Certification:
      Healthcare facilities may be certified to participate in the federal Medicare program. The Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services directs state health agencies or other appropriate agencies to determine if health care entities meet federal standards through surveys and complaint investigations. (Source: https://www.hhs.texas.gov/providers/health-care-facilities-regulation/centers-medicare-medicaid-services-information-health-facilities)

      Melanoma: (MEH-luh-NOH-muh)
      A form of cancer that begins in melanocytes (cells that make the pigment melanin). It may begin in a mole (skin melanoma), but can also begin in other pigmented tissues, such as in the eye or in the intestines. (Source: NCI)

      Metastasis: (meh-TAS-tuh-sis)
      The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body. In metastasis, cancer cells break away from the original (primary) tumor, travel through the blood or lymph system, and form a new tumor in other organs or tissues of the body. The new, metastatic tumor is the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the lung, the cancer cells in the lung are breast cancer cells, not lung cancer cells. (Source: NCI)

      Mole: (mole)
      A benign (not cancer) growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes (cells that make a substance called melanin, which gives color to skin and eyes). A mole is usually dark and may be raised from the skin. Also called nevus. (Source: NCI)

      Morbidity:
      Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being. In this sense, sickness, illness, and a morbid condition are synonymous.

      Mortality Rate:
      Calculated by dividing the number of people who have died of a particular cancer during a given period of time by the total population at risk. See also Age-Adjusted Mortality Rate and Age-Specific Mortality Rate.


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      National Program of Cancer Registries(NPCR): The NPCR collects data on cancer occurrence (including the type, extent, and location of the cancer), the type of initial treatment, and outcomes. Together, Center for Disease Control’s NPCR and the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program collect data for the entire U.S. population. This national coverage enables researchers, clinicians, policy makers, public health professionals, and members of the public to monitor the burden of cancer, evaluate the successes of programs, and identify additional needs for cancer prevention and control efforts at national, state, and local levels. (Source: Centers for Disease Control, https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/about.htm)

      NCI-Designated Cancer Centers:
      The NCI Cancer Centers Program was created as part of the National Cancer Act of 1971 and is one of the anchors of the nation’s cancer research effort. Through this program, NCI recognizes centers around the country that meet rigorous standards for transdisciplinary, state-of-the-art research focused on developing new and better approaches to preventing, diagnosing, and treating cancer. There are 71 NCI-Designated Cancer Centers, located in 36 states and the District of Columbia, that are funded by NCI to deliver cutting-edge cancer treatments to patients. (Source: NCI)

      Negative Axillary Lymph Node: (NEH-guh-tiv AK-sih-LAYR-ee limf ...)
      A lymph node in the armpit that is free of cancer. (Source: NCI)

      Negative Test Result: (NEH-guh-tiv TEST reh-ZULT)
      A test result that shows the substance or condition the test is supposed to find is not present at all or is present, but in normal amounts. In genetics, a negative test result usually means that a person does not have a mutation (change) in the gene, chromosome, or protein that is being tested. More testing may be needed to make sure a negative test result is correct. (Source: NCI)

      Neoplasm: (NEE-oh-PLA-zum)
      An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Benign neoplasms may grow large but do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues or other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. They can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Also called tumor. (Source: NCI)

      Neurosurgeon: (NOO-ro-SER-jun)
      A doctor who specializes in surgery on the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system.

      Nevus: (NEE-vus)
      A benign (not cancer) growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes (cells that make a substance called melanin, which gives color to skin and eyes). A nevus is usually dark and may be raised from the skin. Also called mole. (Source: NCI)

      Node-Negative: (nohd-NEH-guh-tiv)
      Cancer that has not spread to the lymph nodes. (Source: NCI)

      Node-Positive: (nohd PAH-zih-tiv)
      Cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes. (Source: NCI)

      Nonblinded:
      Describes a clinical trial or other experiment in which the researchers know what treatments are being given to each study subject or experimental group. If human subjects are involved, they know what treatments they are receiving.

      Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer: (non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAN-ser)
      Skin cancer that forms in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) or in squamous cells, but not in melanocytes (skin cells that make pigment). (Source: NCI)

      Normal Range: (NOR-mul raynj)
      In medicine, a set of values that a doctor uses to interpret a patient’s test results. The normal range for a given test is based on the results that are seen in 95% of the healthy population. Sometimes patients whose test results are outside of the normal range may be healthy, and some patients whose test results are within the normal range may have a health problem. The normal range for a test may be different for different groups of people (for example, men and women). Also called reference interval, reference range, and reference values. (Source: NCI)

      Nuclear Medicine: (NOO-klee-er MEH-dih-sin)
      A branch of medicine that uses small amounts of radioactive substances to make pictures of areas inside the body and to treat disease. In cancer, the radioactive substance may be used with a special machine (such as a PET scanner) to find the cancer, to see how far it has spread, or to see how well a treatment is working. Radioactive substances may also be used to treat certain types of cancer, such as thyroid cancer and lymphoma. (Source: NCI)

      Nuclear Medicine Scan: (NOO-klee-er MEH-dih-sin skan)
      A method that uses radioactive substances to make pictures of areas inside the body. The radioactive substance is injected into the body, and locates and binds to specific cells or tissues, including cancer cells. Images are made using a special machine that detects the radioactive substance. Also called radioimaging. (Source: NCI)


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      Obesity: (oh-BEE-sih-tee)
      A condition in which a person has abnormally high amounts of unhealthy body fat; medically defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or greater.

      Occupational Therapist: (AH-kyoo-PAY-shuh-nul THAYR-uh-pist)
      A health professional trained to help people who are ill or disabled learn to manage their daily activities. (Source: NCI)

      Oncology: (on-KAH-loh-jee)
      A branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. It includes medical oncology (the use of chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and other drugs to treat cancer), radiation oncology (the use of radiation therapy to treat cancer), and surgical oncology (the use of surgery and other procedures to treat cancer). (Source: NCI)

      Oncology Nurse:
      A nurse who specializes in treating and caring for people who have cancer.

      Oncologist:
      A physician who, after extensive training, specializes in cancer treatment.


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      Pack Year:
      A way to measure the amount a person has smoked over a long period of time. It is calculated by multiplying the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked. For example, 1 pack year is equal to smoking 1 pack per day for 1 year, or 2 packs per day for half a year, and so on.

      Palliative Care: (PA-lee-uh-tiv kayr)
      Care given to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of palliative care is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of a disease, side effects caused by treatment of a disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to a disease or its treatment. Also called comfort care, supportive care, and symptom management. (Source: NCI)

      Pap Test:
      A procedure in which a small brush is used to gently remove cells from the surface of the cervix and the area around it so they can be checked under a microscope for cervical cancer or cell changes that may lead to cervical cancer. A Pap test may also help find other conditions, such as infections or inflammation. It is usually done at the same time as a pelvic exam and may also be done at the same time as a test for certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Also called Pap smear and Papanicolaou test. (Source: NCI)

      Papilloma: (PA-pih-LOH-muh)
      A benign tumor (such as a wart) due to overgrowth of epithelial tissue on papillae of vascular connective tissue (as of the skin) (Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/papilloma)

      Pathologist: (puh-THAH-loh-jist)
      A doctor who has special training in identifying diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope. (Source: NCI)

      Pathology Report: (puh-THAH-loh-jee REE-port)
      The description of cells and tissues made by a pathologist based on microscopic evidence, and sometimes used to make a diagnosis of a disease. (Source: NCI)

      Pediatric Hematologist: (PEE-dee-A-trik HEE-muh-TAH-loh-jist)
      A doctor who specializes in treating blood disorders in children.

      Pelvic Lymph Node: (PEL-vik limf node)
      A lymph node in the pelvis. The pelvis is the area of the body below the abdomen that contains the hip bones, bladder, rectum, and male or female reproductive organs. Pelvic lymph nodes drain and filter lymph from the pelvis and nearby areas. In cancer, pelvic lymph nodes that are near a tumor may be removed by surgery to check for signs that cancer has spread. (Source: NCI)

      PET Scan: (PET skan)
      A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is taken up. Because cancer cells often take up more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body. Also called positron emission tomography scan. (Source: NCI)

      Phase I Trial:
      The first step in testing a new treatment in humans. These studies test the best way to give a new treatment (for example, by mouth, intravenous infusion, or injection) and the best dose. The dose is usually increased a little at a time in order to find the highest dose that does not cause harmful side effects. Because little is known about the possible risks and benefits of the treatments being tested, phase I trials usually include only a small number of patients who have not been helped by other treatments.

      Phase II Trial:
      A study to test whether a new treatment has an anticancer effect (for example, whether it shrinks a tumor or improves blood test results) and whether it works against a certain type of cancer.

      Phase III Trial:
      A study to compare the results of people taking a new treatment with the results of people taking the standard treatment (for example, which group has better survival rates or fewer side effects). In most cases, studies move into phase III only after a treatment seems to work in phases I and II. Phase III trials may include hundreds of people.

      Phase IV Trial:
      After a treatment has been approved and is being marketed, it is studied in a phase IV trial to evaluate side effects that were not apparent in the phase III trial. Thousands of people are involved in a phase IV trial.

      Physical Therapist: (FIH-zih-kul THAYR-uh-pist)
      A health professional trained to evaluate and treat people who have conditions or injuries that limit their ability to move and do physical activities. Physical therapists use methods such as exercise, massage, hot packs, ice, and electrical stimulation to help strengthen muscles, relieve pain, and improve movement. They also teach exercises to help prevent injury and loss of motion. (Source: NCI)

      Polyp: (PAH-lip)
      A growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane. (Source: NCI)

      Population Estimates:
      Estimates generally use existing data collected from various sources. While projections and estimates may appear similar, there are some distinct differences between the two measures. Estimates are for the past, while projections are based on assumptions about future demographic trends at the time the projections are produced. An estimate and a projection available for the same date (e.g., July 1997), may not agree because they were produced at different times based on different assumptions.

      Population Health: Population health refers to the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group. It is comprised of three main components: health outcomes, health determinants, and policies. Population health outcomes are the product of multiple "inputs" or determinants of health, including policies, clinical care, public health, genetics, behaviors (e.g., smoking, diet, and treatment adherence), social factors (e.g., employment, education, and poverty), environmental factors (e.g., occupational, food, and water safety), and the distribution of disparities in the population. (citation: Kindig D, Stoddart G. What is population health?. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(3):380-383. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.3.380)

      Population Projections:
      Projections are estimates of the population for future dates. They illustrate plausible courses of future population change based on assumptions about future births, deaths, international migration, and domestic migration. Projected numbers are based on an estimated population consistent with the most recent decennial census as enumerated, projected forward using a variant of the cohort-component method.

      Positive Axillary Lymph Node: (PAH-zih-tiv AK-suh-LAYR-ee limf ...)
      A lymph node in the area of the armpit (axilla) to which cancer has spread. This spread is determined by surgically removing some of the lymph nodes and examining them under a microscope to see whether cancer cells are present. (Source: NCI)

      Positron Emission Tomography Scan: (PAH-zih-tron ee-MIH-shun toh-MAH-gruh-fee skan)
      A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is taken up. Because cancer cells often take up more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body. Also called PET scan. (Source: NCI)

      Positive Test Result: (PAH-zih-tiv TEST reh-ZULT)
      A test result that shows that a person has the disease, condition, or biomarker for which the test is being done. In genetics, a positive test result usually means that a person has a mutation (change) in the gene, chromosome, or protein that is being tested. More testing may be needed to make a diagnosis or to make sure a positive test result is correct. (Source: NCI)

      Precancerous: (pree-KAN-seh-rus)
      A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. (Source: NCI)

      Prevalence:
      The number of persons in a population with a given disease at a given time.

      Primary Care: (PRY-mayr-ee kayr)
      Health services that meet most basic health care needs over time. Primary care includes physical exams, treatment of common medical conditions, and preventive care such as immunizations and screenings. Primary care doctors are usually the first health professionals patients see for basic medical care. They may refer a patient to a specialist if needed. (Source: NCI)

      Primary Care Doctor: (PRY-mayr-ee kayr DOK-ter)
      A doctor who manages a person's health care over time. A primary care doctor is able to give a wide range of care, including prevention and treatment, can discuss cancer treatment choices, and can refer a patient to a specialist. (Source: NCI)

      Primary Care Provider (PCP): (PRY-mayr-ee kayr proh-VY-der)
      A primary care provider (PCP) is a health care practitioner who sees people that have common medical problems. This person is most often a doctor. However, a PCP may be a physician assistant or a nurse practitioner. Your PCP is often involved in your care for a long time. A PCP is your main health care provider in non-emergency situations. Your PCP's role is to:
      • Provide preventive care and teach healthy lifestyle choices
      • Identify and treat common medical conditions
      • Assess the urgency of your medical problems and direct you to the best place for that care
      • Make referrals to medical specialists when necessary
      (source: National Library of Medicine MedLine Plus https://medlineplus.gov/)

      Private Health Insurance:
      Private health insurance is coverage by a health plan provided through an employer or union or purchased by an individual from a private health insurance company.

      Progesterone Receptor Negative: (proh-JES-teh-rone reh-SEP-ter NEH-guh-tiv)
      Describes cells that do not have a protein that binds to the hormone progesterone. Cancer cells that are progesterone receptor negative do not need progesterone to grow. This means that they will keep growing when progesterone is not present and do not stop growing when treated with substances that block progesterone from binding. Also called PR negative. (Source: NCI)

      Progesterone Receptor Positive: (proh-JES-teh-rone reh-SEP-ter PAH-zih-tiv)
      Describes cells that have a protein that binds to the hormone progesterone. Cancer cells that are progesterone receptor positive may need progesterone to grow. These cells may stop growing or die when treated with substances that block the binding and actions of progesterone. Also called PR positive. (Source: NCI)

      Public Health:
      Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private communities, and individuals." - CEA Winslow. (Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC))


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      Quadruple-Negative Breast Cancer: (kwah-DROO-pul NEH-guh-tiv brest KAN-ser)
      A type of breast cancer in which the tumor cells do not have estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, androgen receptors, or large amounts of HER2/neu protein on their surface. Knowing whether breast cancer is quadruple negative is important in planning treatment. Also called QNBC. (Source: NCI)


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      Radiation Oncologist:
      A doctor who specializes in using radiation to treat cancer.

      Radiation Therapy: (RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
      The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. Also called irradiation and radiotherapy.

      Randomized Clinical Trial:
      A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial.

      Reconstructive Surgery: (REE-kun-STRUK-tiv SER-juh-ree)
      Surgery that is done to reshape or rebuild (reconstruct) a part of the body changed by previous surgery. (Source: NCI)

      Rehabilitation: (REE-huh-BIH-lih-TAY-shun)
      In medicine, a process to restore mental and/or physical abilities lost to injury or disease, in order to function in a normal or near-normal way.

      Remission: (reh-MIH-shun)
      A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although cancer still may be in the body. (Source: NCI)

      Respite Care: (REH-spit kayr)
      Temporary care given to a person who is unable to care for himself or herself so that the usual caregivers can have a break. Respite care may include in-home care, adult daycare, or nursing home care. (Source: NCI)

      Retrospective Study:
      A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). Researchers study the medical and lifestyle histories of the people in each group to learn what factors may be associated with the disease or condition. For example, one group may have been exposed to a particular substance that the other was not. Also called case-control study.

      Risk Assessment: (risk uh-SES-ment)
      The evaluation of an individual's personal and family history, often by using questionnaires to estimate the degree to which that person is at risk for developing certain types of cancer. For example, assessing an individual’s risk of developing cancer can provide information on ways to lower personal risk and can make the person aware of early warning signs and the type and frequency of screening programs to follow.

      Risk Factor: (risk FAK-ter)
      Something that increases the chance of developing a disease. Some examples of risk factors for cancer are age, a family history of certain cancers, use of tobacco products, being exposed to radiation or certain chemicals, infection with certain viruses or bacteria, and certain genetic changes.


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      SCHIP:
      SCHIP, the State Children’s Health Insurance Program, is a program administered at the state level, providing health care to low-income children whose parents do not qualify for Medicaid. SCHIP may be known by different names in different states.

      Screening: (SKREE-ning)
      Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. Since screening may find diseases at an early stage, there may be a better chance of curing the disease. Examples of cancer screening tests are the mammogram (for breast cancer), colonoscopy (for colon cancer), and the Pap test and HPV tests (for cervical cancer). Screening can also include doing a genetic test to check for a person’s risk of developing an inherited disease.

      Second Cancer:
      A second cancer is a new cancer that's unrelated to any previous cancer diagnosis. It's a completely different type of cancer. Sometimes the new cancer is in the same organ or area of the body as the first cancer. For example, someone who was treated for a certain type of colorectal cancer can get another type of colorectal cancer as a second cancer. Or, a second cancer might develop in another organ or tissue. A second cancer is different from a cancer recurrence which is when the same type of cancer that a person had before comes back. (Source: American Cancer Society (ACS))

      Secondhand Smoke: (SEH-kund-hand smowk)
      Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and smoke that is exhaled by smokers. Inhaling secondhand smoke is called involuntary or passive smoking. Also called environmental tobacco smoke and ETS. (Source: NCI)

      Self-Referred Patients:
      Patients who refer themselves for a procedure such as mammography or refer themselves to a hospital without a physician's referral.

      Sigmoidoscopy: (sig-MOY-DOS-koh-pee)
      Examination of the lower colon using a sigmoidoscope, inserted into the rectum. A sigmoidoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. Also called proctosigmoidoscopy. (Source: NCI)

      Simulation: (SIM-yoo-LAY-shun)
      In cancer treatment, a process used to plan radiation therapy so that the target area is precisely located and marked.

      Sliding Scale Fee:
      A fee based on the individual's ability to pay for services; may vary from 100% of the fee to 0%.

      Social Service:
      A community resource that helps people in need. Services may include help getting to and from medical appointments, home delivery of medication and meals, in-home nursing care, help paying medical costs not covered by insurance, loaning medical equipment, and housekeeping help.

      Social Support:
      A network of family, friends, neighbors, and community members that is available in times of need to give psychological, physical, and financial help.

      Social Worker:
      A professional trained to talk with people and their families about emotional or physical needs, and to find them support services.

      Specialist:
      In medicine, a doctor or other health care professional who is trained and licensed in a special area of practice. Examples of medical specialists include oncologists (cancer specialists) and hematologists (blood specialists).

      SPF:
      A scale for rating the level of sunburn protection in sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the more sunburn protection it gives. Sunscreens with a value of 2 through 11 give minimal protection against sunburns. Sunscreens with a value of 12 through 29 give moderate protection. SPFs of 30 or higher give high protection against sunburn. Also called sun protection factor. (Source: NCI)

      Squamous Cell Carcinoma: (SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)
      Cancer that begins in squamous cells. Squamous cells are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales, and are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Most cancers of the anus, cervix, head and neck, and vagina are squamous cell carcinomas. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. (Source: NCI)

      Standard Therapy: (STAN-durd THAYR-uh-pee)
      Treatment that is accepted by medical experts as a proper treatment for a certain type of disease and that is widely used by healthcare professionals. Also called best practice, standard medical care, and standard of care.

      Supportive Care: (suh-POR-tiv kayr)
      Care given to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of supportive care is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of a disease, side effects caused by treatment of a disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to a disease or its treatment. Also called comfort care, palliative care, and symptom management. (Source: NCI)

      Surgical Oncologist:
      A doctor who performs biopsies and other surgical procedures in cancer patients.

      Surveillance: (ser-VAY-lents)
      In medicine, closely watching a patient’s condition but not treating it unless there are changes in test results. Surveillance is also used to find early signs that a disease has come back. It may also be used for a person who has an increased risk of a disease, such as cancer. During surveillance, certain exams and tests are done on a regular schedule. In public health, surveillance may also refer to the ongoing collection of information about a disease, such as cancer, in a certain group of people. The information collected may include where the disease occurs in a population and whether it affects people of a certain gender, age, or ethnic group. (Source: NCI)

      Survival Rate:
      The percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive for a certain period of time after they were diagnosed with or treated for a disease, such as cancer. The survival rate is often stated as a five-year survival rate, which is the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive five years after diagnosis or treatment. Also called overall survival rate.

      Survivor: (ser-VY-ver)
      One who remains alive and continues to function during and after overcoming a serious hardship or life-threatening disease. In cancer, a person is considered to be a survivor from the time of diagnosis until the end of life. (Source: NCI)

      Survivorship: (ser-VY-ver-ship)
      In cancer, survivorship focuses on the health and well-being of a person with cancer from the time of diagnosis until the end of life. This includes the physical, mental, emotional, social, and financial effects of cancer that begin at diagnosis and continue through treatment and beyond. The survivorship experience also includes issues related to follow-up care (including regular health and wellness checkups), late effects of treatment, cancer recurrence, second cancers, and quality of life. Family members, friends, and caregivers are also considered part of the survivorship experience. (Source: NCI)

      Survivorship Algorithms:
      MD Anderson Cancer Center’s survivorship algorithms depict best practices for care delivery by providing patient management tools to patients under surveillance for cancer recurrence and secondary cancers. Patients are transitioned to Survivorship once there is no evidence of disease for a specific time period dependent on the patient’s cancer site. These algorithms are not intended to replace the independent medical judgment of the physician in the context of individual clinical circumstances to determine a patient's care. See algorithms by cancer site at https://www.mdanderson.org/for-physicians/clinical-tools-resources/clinical-practice-algorithms/survivorship-algorithms.html.

      Survivorship Care Plan: (ser-VY-ver-ship kayr plan)
      A detailed plan given to a patient after treatment ends, that contains a summary of the patient’s treatment, along with recommendations for follow-up care. In cancer, the plan is based on the type of cancer and the treatment the patient received. A survivorship care plan may include schedules for physical exams and medical tests to see if the cancer has come back or spread to other parts of the body. Getting follow-up care also helps check for health problems that may occur months or years after treatment ends, including other types of cancer. A survivorship care plan may also include information to help meet the emotional, social, legal, and financial needs of the patient. It may include referrals to specialists and recommendations for a healthy lifestyle, such as changes in diet and exercise and quitting smoking. Also called follow-up care plan. (Source: NCI)

      Symptom: (SIMP-tum)
      A physical or mental problem that a person experiences that may indicate a disease or condition. Symptoms cannot be seen and do not show up on medical tests. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fatigue, nausea, and pain. (Source: NCI)

      Symptom Management: (SIMP-tum MA-nij-ment)
      Care given to help relieve the symptoms of a disease, such as cancer, and the side effects caused by treatment of the disease. Symptom management may help a person feel more comfortable, but it does not treat or cure the disease. It may involve taking certain medicines to relieve pain or nausea or using guided imagery or deep breathing exercises to reduce stress or anxiety. Symptom management is one aspect of palliative care and supportive care. (Source: NCI)

      Syndrome: (SIN-drome)
      A set of symptoms or conditions that occur together and suggest the presence of a certain disease or an increased chance of developing the disease.


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      Targeted Therapy: (TAR-geh-ted THAYR-uh-pee)
      A type of treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific types of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells. Some targeted therapies block the action of certain enzymes, proteins, or other molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. Other types of targeted therapies help the immune system kill cancer cells or deliver toxic substances directly to cancer cells and kill them. Targeted therapy may have fewer side effects than other types of cancer treatment. Most targeted therapies are either small molecule drugs or monoclonal antibodies. (Source: NCI)

      Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS):
      The mission of DSHS is to improve the health, safety, and well-being of Texans through good stewardship of public resources, and a focus on core public health functions. DSHS serves the health needs of Texans in a number of ways:
      • Preventing, detecting and responding to infectious diseases;
      • Promoting healthy lifestyles through disease and injury prevention;
      • Reducing health risks and threats through consumer protection;
      • Developing evidence-based public health interventions through data analysis and science; and
      • Providing medical response during disasters and emergencies
      (Source: DSHS website at https://www.dshs.texas.gov/).

      Texas Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC):
      The Texas Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC) manages programs that help families with food, health care, safety, and disaster services including the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), Children’s Medicaid, Supplemental Nutritional Assistance (SNAP), and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programs. For information on obtaining benefits, visit Your Texas Benefits at https://www.yourtexasbenefits.com/Learn/Home.

      Thirdhand Smoke:
      Thirdhand smoke is residual nicotine and other chemicals left on indoor surfaces by tobacco smoke. People are exposed to these chemicals by touching contaminated surfaces or breathing in the off-gassing from these surfaces. This residue is thought to react with common indoor pollutants to create a toxic mix including cancer causing compounds, posing a potential health hazard to nonsmokers — especially children. Thirdhand smoke clings to clothes, furniture, drapes, walls, bedding, carpets, dust, vehicles and other surfaces long after smoking has stopped. (Source: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/expert-answers/third-hand-smoke/faq-20057791.)

      Thoracic Surgical Oncologist:
      A surgeon who specializes in operating on tumors found inside the chest.

      Tobacco Control: (tuh-BA-koh kun-TROLE)
      Effective population-based tobacco control interventions include tobacco price increases, high-impact anti-tobacco mass media campaigns, and comprehensive smoke-free policies. The evidence shows that implementing and enforcing these strategies, both individually and as part of a comprehensive tobacco prevention and control effort, can reduce smoking initiation and use among adults and youths. Comprehensive tobacco prevention and control efforts involve the coordinated implementation of population-based interventions to prevent tobacco initiation among youth and young adults, promote quitting among adults and youth, eliminate exposure to secondhand smoke, and identify and eliminate tobacco-related disparities among population groups. Tobacco products include cigarettes, cigars, pipes, hookah, smokeless tobacco, and others. Programs combine and integrate multiple evidence-based strategies, including educational, regulatory, economic, and social strategies at local, state, or national levels. (Source: CDC https://www.cdc.gov/policy/hst/hi5/tobaccointerventions/index.html)

      Treatment Summary: (TREET-ment SUH-muh-ree)
      A detailed summary of a patient’s disease, the type of treatment the patient received, and any side effects or other problems caused by treatment. It usually includes results of laboratory tests (such as pathology reports and biomarker tests) and imaging tests (such as x-rays, CT scans, and MRIs), and whether a patient took part in a clinical trial. A treatment summary may be used to help plan follow-up care after treatment for a disease, such as cancer. (Source: NCI)

      Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: (TRIH-pul-NEH-guh-tiv brest KAN-ser)
      A type of breast cancer in which the tumor cells do not have estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, or large amounts of HER2/neu protein on their surface. Knowing whether breast cancer is triple negative is important in planning treatment. Also called ER-negative PR-negative HER2/neu-negative breast cancer and TNBC. (Source: NCI)

      Triple-Positive Breast Cancer: (TRIH-pul-PAH-zih-tiv brest KAN-ser)
      A type of breast cancer in which the tumor cells have estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and a larger than normal number of HER2 receptors on their surface. Knowing if breast cancer is triple positive may help plan the best treatment, which may include hormone therapy and drugs that target the HER2 receptor. (Source: NCI)

      Tumor: (TOO-mer)
      An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Benign tumors may grow large but do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues or other parts of the body. Malignant tumors can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. They can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Also called neoplasm. (Source: NCI)

      Tumor Marker: (TOO-mer MAR-ker)
      A substance found in tissue, blood, bone marrow, or other body fluids that may be a sign of cancer or certain benign (noncancer) conditions. Many tumor markers are proteins made by both normal cells and cancer cells, but they are made in higher amounts by cancer cells. Genetic changes in tumor tissue, such as gene mutations, patterns of gene expression, and other changes in tumor DNA or RNA, are also being used as tumor markers. A tumor marker may be used with other tests to help diagnose cancer. It may also be used to help plan treatment, give a likely prognosis, and find out how well treatment is working or if cancer has come back. Examples of tumor markers include CA-125 (in ovarian cancer), estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor (in breast cancer), CEA (in colon cancer), PCA3 mRNA and PSA (in prostate cancer), and EGFR gene mutation (in non-small cell lung cancer). (Source: NCI)

      Tumor Marker Test: (TOO-mer MAR-ker)
      A test that measures the amount of substances called tumor markers in tissue, blood, urine, or other body fluids. Most tumor markers are made by both normal cells and cancer cells, but they are made in higher amounts by cancer cells. A high level of a tumor marker may be a sign of cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions. A tumor marker test is usually done with other tests, such as biopsies, to help diagnose some types of cancer. It may also be used to help plan treatment or find out how well treatment is working or if cancer has come back. (Source: NCI)


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      Ultrasonography: (UL-truh-soh-NAH-gruh-fee)
      A procedure that uses high-energy sound waves to look at tissues and organs inside the body. The sound waves make echoes that form pictures of the tissues and organs on a computer screen (sonogram). Ultrasonography may be used to help diagnose diseases, such as cancer. It may also be used during pregnancy to check the fetus (unborn baby) and during medical procedures, such as biopsies. Also called ultrasound. (Source: NCI)

      Ultrasound: (UL-truh-sownd)
      A procedure that uses high-energy sound waves to look at tissues and organs inside the body. The sound waves make echoes that form pictures of the tissues and organs on a computer screen (sonogram). Ultrasound may be used to help diagnose diseases, such as cancer. It may also be used during pregnancy to check the fetus (unborn baby) and during medical procedures, such as biopsies. Also called ultrasonography. (Source: NCI)

      Ultraviolet Radiation: (UL-truh-VY-oh-let RAY-dee-AY-shun)
      Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB. Ultraviolet radiation also comes from sun lamps and tanning beds. It can cause skin damage, premature aging, melanoma, and other types of skin cancer. It can also cause problems with the eyes and the immune system. Skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that protect the skin from both kinds of ultraviolet radiation. In medicine, ultraviolet radiation also comes from special lamps or a laser and is used to treat certain skin conditions such as psoriasis, vitiligo, and skin tumors of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Also called UV radiation. (Source: NCI)

      Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF):
      Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) indicates how much UV radiation (both UVB and UVA) a fabric allows to reach your skin. For example, a UPF 50 fabric blocks 98 percent of the sun's rays and allows two percent (1/50th) to penetrate, thus reducing your exposure risk significantly. For more information visit https://www.skincancer.org/skin-cancer-prevention/sun-protection/sun-protective-clothing/.

      U.S. Preventive Services Task Force:
      The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force is an independent, volunteer panel of national experts in disease prevention and evidence-based medicine. The Task Force works to improve the health of people nationwide by making evidence-based recommendations about clinical preventive services. Website at https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/.


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      Vaccines For Children (VFC):
      The Vaccines For Children (VFC) program is a federally funded program that provides vaccines at no cost to children who might not otherwise be vaccinated because of inability to pay. CDC buys vaccines at a discount and distributes them to grantees—i.e., state health departments and certain local and territorial public health agencies—which in turn distribute them at no charge to those private physicians’ offices and public health clinics registered as VFC providers. Children who are eligible for VFC vaccines are entitled to receive those vaccines recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). These vaccines protect babies, young children, and adolescents from 16 diseases. For more information visit https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/index.html.

      Ventilator: (VEN-tih-LAY-ter)
      In medicine, a machine used to help a patient breathe. Also called respirator. (Source: NCI)

      Virtual Colonoscopy: (VER-chuh-wul KOH-luh-NOS-koh-pee)
      During a virtual colonoscopy, your doctor performs a low-dose CT scan of your abdomen and pelvis to create 3D images. These images show polyps and other abnormalities inside your colon and rectum.
      A virtual colonoscopy requires the same preparation as a colonoscopy. Your colon must be completely free of waste in order for your doctor to get a clear image. Virtual colonoscopies can miss small or hard-to-see polyps.
      • If your doctor does find polyps or anything suspicious, you will need to get a regular colonoscopy. This test will not be considered a screening test, but a diagnostic test to diagnose the problem. Your insurance may bill this second colonoscopy differently. If you choose a virtual colonoscopy, check with your insurance provider before scheduling an exam. Not all insurance providers cover the cost of this exam. (Source: https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/get-screened/colorectal-cancer-screening.html)


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      Watchful Waiting: (WACH-ful WAY-ting)
      Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called active surveillance, expectant management, and observation. Closely watching a patient’s condition but not giving treatment unless symptoms appear or change. Watchful waiting is sometimes used in conditions that progress slowly. It is also used when the risks of treatment are greater than the possible benefits. During watchful waiting, patients may be given certain tests and exams. Watchful waiting is sometimes used in prostate cancer. It is a type of expectant management. (Source: NCI)


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      X-ray: (EX-ray)
      A type of radiation used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases. In low doses, x-rays are used to diagnose diseases by making pictures of the inside of the body. In high doses, x-rays are used to treat cancer.

      X-ray Imaging: (EX-ray IH-muh-jing)
      A procedure that uses a type of high-energy radiation called x-rays to take pictures of areas inside the body. X-rays pass through the body onto film or a computer, where the pictures are made. The tissues and organs usually appear in various shades of black and white because different tissues allow different amounts of the x-ray beams to pass through them. X-ray imaging is used to help diagnose disease and plan treatment. Also called radiography.

      X-ray Therapy: (EX-ray THAYR-uh-pee)
      A type of radiation therapy that uses high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.


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      Sources

      Sources for definitions which appear in this glossary include:

      National Cancer Institute (NCI)
      cancer.gov

      National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms
      cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms

      Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
      cdc.gov

      American Cancer Society (ACS)
      cancer.org

      U.S. Census Bureau
      census.gov





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